How Does Metastatic Cancer Form in The Body?

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metastatic cancer

How Does Metastatic Cancer Form?

Metastatic cancer is a late stage development of a disease process that often developed silently for many years.  When a tumor is first detectable, it can be benign. Benign means gentle, or in the case of cancer, not harmful.  So how does metastatic cancer form in the body and are there things we can do to prevent this?

Most cancers begin this way:  as clumps of rapidly dividing cells that do not otherwise interfere with any other processes of the body. The problem begins when the tumor becomes invasive and starts releasing non-adhesive cancer cells that eventually travel throughout the body.

The process of cancer becoming decentralized and spreading throughout the body is referred to as metastasis and marks a significant point at which cancer becomes much more harmful to the body. This article will review the process of metastatic cancer and provide insight for natural ways to control it based on the specific components of this process highlighted in this review.

CANCERCELLS_Normal and Cancer Cell Characteristics_2

What Leads to Spreading of Cancer Cells?

Before cancer is able to spread, it must elicit changes in its surrounding environment that inhibits the body’s defenses against it. The two major changes that occur before metastasis can begin are secretion of connective tissue-dissolving enzymes and the formation of blood vessels on the tumor (angiogenesis). This combination of events breaks down the connective tissue surrounding the tumor while providing a physical route for metastatic cancer cells to spread.

Cells that belong to certain tissues are held in place by adhesive proteins called integrins. Not only do these proteins hold cells in place but they also regulate the permeability of a tissue by blocking bacteria, viruses, and even cancer cells from entering. Beyond their structural function, evidence suggests that these proteins play a major role in cell communication and can influence several key factors of cancer development (1).

Connective Tissue-Dissolving Enzymes

Cancer cells, as readily adaptive cells, have developed a chemical mechanism with which to disrupt the function of integrins. It has been found that cancer cells actually release a set of enzymes called metalloproteinases (MMP) that have the ability to dissolve connective proteins such as integrins and thereby degrade the surrounding tissue.

Specifically, MMP-2 and MMP-9 have been the primary focus of research in this process area of interest.  Cancers with high levels of these enzymes have been shown to be much more malignant, meaning metastasis is likely to occur and at a much higher rate.

MMPs were first thought to be solely responsible for the degradation of the cells surrounding a tumor but further research uncovered that these enzymes actually influence several factors in cell communication pathways and even play a role in inflammation responses as well (2).

metastatic

Reducing Connective Tissue BreakDown

Because these enzymes are a major contributing factor contributing to metastasis, it is important to implement strategies to better regulate MMP activity. Natural compounds that have shown beneficial in this regard are EGCG, curcumin, luteolin, and quercetin (3). Also, since cell communication and inflammation are keys to controlling cancer in general, implementing these strategies provides broad therapeutic benefit.

In addition to inhibiting the MMP enzymes mentioned, another more recent approach to prevent metastasis focuses on strengthening the tissues thereby increasing their resistance to being degraded. Nutrients that are important for promoting the integrity of tissues in the midst of high levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 are Vitamin C, Zinc, Magnesium, flavonoids and procyanidins.

metastatic

Angiogenesis: Forming New Blood Vessels

Before cancer cells from a tumor can migrate into the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, they must first leave the confines of the tumor. While the MMP enzymes degrade the surrounding tissue and increase its permeability, the tumor begins to form unique blood vessels that serve two major functions.

First, they supply the tumor with blood and nutrients needed to continue growing. Secondly, they act as transportation for cancer cells to leave the tumor. The blood vessels surrounding a tumor are unique because they lack structural integrity to a degree that makes them extremely permeable. This makes it easy for cancer cells to leave the tumor and create a metastatic cancer growth.

metastatic

Factors Involved with Angiogenesis

The structural integrity that is lacking in these new blood vessels may be due to the upregulation of MMP enzymes that are also responsible for degrading surrounding tissues. This makes the importance of implementing strategies to control MMP expression all the more compelling.

Important contributing factors toward angiogenesis include chronic inflammation, hypoxia (low oxygen), and oxidative stress (4). By controlling these factors (easily managed via accurately planned diet) angiogenesis can be prevented, controlled, or possibly reversed. Controlling these factors will, in addition, effectively lower the aggressiveness of the cancer.

metastatic

Minimizing Inflammation

Systemic inflammation has a high direct correlation with the rate of metastasis. The biological markers, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase (COX and LOX), have been measured specifically to show this. COX and LOX are two enzymes in the body involved in an inflammatory chemical pathway called the eicosanoid pathway.

Studies have shown that lowering the levels of COX and LOX enzymes through anti-inflammatory protocols can have a significant positive impact in cancer conditions (5). The flavonoids apigenin and kaempferol each have the ability to inhibit both enzymes. Additionally, curcumin, berberine and garcinol have all demonstrated the ability to inhibit several inflammatory pathways including the production of COX and LOX enzymes (6).

metastatic

Activating the NRF2 Pathway

Because the metastatic cancer growth is largely influenced by the inflammation and oxidation of its environment, one of the most powerful strategies to control metastasis may be upregulation of the NRF2 signaling pathway (7). Doing so not only increases antioxidant defenses and lowers inflammation, but also has the added benefit of improving systemic detoxification, resulting in lower amounts of free radicals due to toxin buildup.

Four natural compounds that have been researched and touted for their notable ability to support the NRF2 signaling pathway are EGCG, Curcumin, sulforphane, and resveratrol.  Taking clinical dosages of these compounds which are roughly 500 mg of each, may be an effective strategy for reducing metastatic activity.

NrF2, 5 Ways to Activate the Anti-oxidant Benefits of Nrf2

Early Detection, Safely

Another thing to consider when on one’s journey to heal cancer is to detect it early. For this reason, many people subject themselves to diagnostic procedures on a yearly basis that expose their bodies to harmful radiation that can accumulate over time and actually end up promoting cancer growth.

This is why I recommend, and use with my patients, an extremely safe, full-body, cancer detection procedure called thermography. This screening technique can assess the whole body at once for signs of inflammation and is a very effective method for detecting cancer. This method does not expose the body to any harmful radiation and can accurately detect cancer development years before traditional methods can. As a preventative measure I recommend having this kind of procedure done yearly.

metastatic

Final Thoughts

Similar to any chronic disease, cancer development is a product of the immediate environment of its origin. Many of the epigenetic (gene influencing) factors that lead to cancer growth and eventually metastasis, can be significantly controlled by the way one alters the internal environment of the body.

The safest and most effective way to do this is by supporting the body nutritionally. The strategies outlined in this article have been provided to educate and empower you on your healing journey and may be used to help effectively control metastatic cancer development.

If you want to work with a functional health coach, I recommend this article with tips on how to find a great coach. Our website offers long-distance functional health coaching programs with our world-class team of health coaches. For further support with your health and other goals, just reach out—our fantastic coaches are here to support your journey.

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Sources For This Article Include:

1. Sun, C.-C., Qu, X.-J., & Gao, Z.-H. (2014). Integrins: players in cancer progression and targets in metastatic cancer therapy. Anti-Cancer Drugs, 25(10), 1107–1121. PMID: 25010394
2. Kessenbrock, K., Plaks, V., & Werb, Z. (2010). Matrix Metalloproteinases: Regulators of the Tumor Microenvironment. Cell, 141(1), 52–67. PMID: 20371345
3. Bachmeier, B. E., Iancu, C. M., Jochum, M., & Nerlich, A. G. (2005). Matrix metalloproteinases in metastatic cancer: comparison of known and novel aspects of their inhibition as a therapeutic approach. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 5(1), 149–163. PMID: 15757447
4. Granger DN, Senchenkova E. Inflammation and the Microcirculation. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences; 2010. Chapter 6, Angiogenesis. PMID: 21452440
5. Greene, E. R., Huang, S., Serhan, C. N., & Panigrahy, D. (2011). Regulation of inflammation in cancer by eicosanoids. Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators, 96(1–4), 27–36. PMID: 21864702
6. Yarla, N. S., Bishayee, A., Sethi, G., Reddanna, P., Kalle, A. M., Dhananjaya, B. L., … Duddukuri, G. R. (2016). Targeting arachidonic acid pathway by natural products for cancer prevention and therapy. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 1–34. PMID: 26853158
7. Lee, J. H., Khor, T. O., Shu, L., Su, Z. Y., Fuentes, F., & Kong, A. N. T. (2013). Dietary phytochemicals and cancer prevention: Nrf2 signaling, epigenetics, and cell death mechanisms in blocking cancer initiation and progression. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 137(2), 153–171. PMID: 23041058

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Dr. Jockers

Dr David Jockers is passionate about seeing people reach their health potential in mind, body and spirit. He is the host of the popular “Dr Jockers Functional Nutrition” podcast and the author of the best-selling books, “The Keto Metabolic Breakthrough” and “The Fasting Transformation.”

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